References
This page contains all scientific references cited throughout the documentation and source code.
Fire Spread Models
Rothermel Model
Rothermel, R.C. (1972). A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-115.
Rothermel, R.C. (1983). How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-143. USDA Forest Service.
Anderson, H.E. (1982). Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. USDA Forest Service Research Note INT-328.
FARSITE & Elliptical Models
Finney, M.A. (1998). FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator — Model development and evaluation. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RMRS-RP-4.
Finney, M.A. (2004). FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator — Model development and evaluation. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RMRS-RP-4 Revised.
Richards, G.D. (1990). An elliptical growth model of forest fire fronts and its numerical solution. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 30(6):1163-1179.
Anderson, H.E. (1983). Predicting wind-driven wildland fire size and shape. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-305.
Alternative Spread Models
Balbi, J.H., et al. (2009). A physical model for wildland fires. Combustion and Flame, 156(12):2217-2230.
Cheney, N.P., Gould, J.S., & Catchpole, W.R. (1998). Prediction of fire spread in grasslands. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 8(1):1-13.
Cruz, M.G., Alexander, M.E., & Wakimoto, R.H. (2005). Development and testing of models for predicting crown fire rate of spread in conifer forest stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35(7):1626-1639.
Lautenberger, C. (2013). Wildland fire modeling with an Eulerian level set method and automated calibration. Fire Safety Journal, 62:289-298.
Crown Fire Models
Van Wagner, C.E. (1977). Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 7(1):23-34.
Rothermel, R.C. (1991). Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-438.
Fuel Moisture
Nelson, R.M. Jr. (2000). Prediction of diurnal change in 10-h fuel stick moisture content. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 30(7):1071-1087.
Simard, A.J. (1968). The moisture content of forest fuels. Forestry Branch Info. Rep. FF-X-14, Dept. of Forestry, Canada.
Frandsen, W.H. (1997). Ignition probability of organic soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27(9):1471-1477.
Anderson, H.E. (1969). Heat transfer and fire spread. USDA Research Paper INT-69.
Deeming, J.E., et al. (1977). The National Fire-Danger Rating System—1978. USDA GTR INT-39.
Scott, J.H., & Reinhardt, E.D. (2001). Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. USDA RMRS-RP-29.
Thomas, P.H. (1963). The size of flames from natural fires. Combustion Symposium, 9(1):844-859.
Urbanski, S.P. (2014). Wildfire emissions, carbon, and climate: Emission factors. Forest Ecology and Management, 317:1-8.
McArthur, A.G. (1967). Fire behaviour in eucalypt forests. Forestry & Timber Bureau, Canberra, Australia.
Keetch, J.J., & Byram, G.M. (1968). A drought index for forest fire control. USDA Forest Service Research Paper SE-38.
Janis, M.J., Johnson, M.B., & Forthun, G. (2002). Near-real time mapping of Keetch-Byram Drought Index in the south-eastern United States. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11(4):281-289.
Haines, D.A. (1988). A lower atmosphere severity index for wildland fires. National Weather Digest, 13:23-27.
Werth, P.A., & Ochoa, R. (1993). The evaluation of Idaho wildfire growth using the Haines Index. Weather and Forecasting, 8(2):223-234.
Mills, G.A., & McCaw, L. (2010). Atmospheric stability environments and fire weather in Australia — extending the Haines Index. CAWCR Technical Report No. 20, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research.
Noble, I.R., Bary, G.A.V., & Gill, A.M. (1980). McArthur’s fire-danger meters expressed as equations. Australian Journal of Ecology, 5(2):201-203.
Phenology & Live Fuel Moisture
Jolly, W.M., et al. (2005). A generalized, bioclimatic index to predict foliar phenology in response to climate. Global Change Biology, 11(4):619-632.
Dennison, P.E., et al. (2008). Use of normalized difference water index for monitoring live fuel moisture. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(8):2369-2375.
Pimont, F., et al. (2019). Prediction of regional wildfire activity in the probabilistic Bayesian framework of Firelihood. Ecological Applications, 29(5):e01905.
Resco de Dios, V., et al. (2015). Woody clockworks: circadian regulation of night-time water use in Eucalyptus globulus. New Phytologist, 200(3):789-798.
Wind Models
Wind Adjustment & Terrain Interaction
Andrews, P.L. (2018). The Rothermel surface fire spread model and associated developments: A comprehensive explanation. RMRS-GTR-371. USDA Forest Service.
Albini, F.A., & Baughman, R.G. (1979). Estimating windspeeds for predicting wildland fire behavior. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-221.
Viegas, D.X. (2004). A mathematical model for forest fires blowup. Combustion Science and Technology, 177(1):27-51.
Wilson, N.R. (1985). A mathematical model for estimating surface-layer wind speeds in a vegetative canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 34(2-3):191-208.
Turbulent Wind
Uhlenbeck, G.E. & Ornstein, L.S. (1930). On the theory of the Brownian motion. Physical Review, 36(5):823-841.
Kraichnan, R.H. (1970). Diffusion by a random velocity field. Physics of Fluids, 13(1):22-31.
Finney, M.A., et al. (2015). A study of flame spread in engineered cardboard fuelbeds: Part II - fire behavior model. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 45(10):1331-1340.
Linn, R.R., et al. (2012). Using periodic line fires to gain a new perspective on multi-dimensional aspects of forward ROS. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 157:60-76.
Spotting & Firebrands
Albini, F.A. (1983). Potential spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-309.
Albini, F.A. (1979). Spot fire distance from burning trees — a predictive model. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-56.
Sardoy, N., Consalvi, J.L., Porterie, B., & Fernandez-Pello, A.C. (2007). Modeling transport and combustion of firebrands from burning trees. Combustion and Flame, 150(3):151-169.
Koo, E., et al. (2010). Modelling firebrand transport in wildfires using HIGRAD/FIRETEC. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 19(2):200-213.
Ellis, P.F.M. (2000). The aerodynamic and combustion characteristics of eucalypt bark — a firebrand study. PhD thesis, Australian National University.
Weise, D.R., & Biging, G.S. (1996). Effects of wind velocity and slope on flame properties. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26(10):1849-1858.
Radiation & Flame Models
Anderson, H.E. (1968). Sundance fire: An analysis of fire phenomena. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-56.
Butler, B.W., et al. (2004). A method for evaluating the effectiveness of firefighter escape routes. In: Fire Safety Science — Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, pp. 1435-1446.
Weber, R.O. (1991). Toward a comprehensive wildfire spread model. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 1(4):245-248.
Byram, G.M. (1959). Combustion of forest fuels. In: Forest Fire: Control and Use (K.P. Davis, ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 61-89.
Fire Ecology & Emissions
Briggs, G.A. (1965). A plume rise model compared with observations. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 15(9):433-438.
Briggs, G.A. (1969). Plume rise. USAEC Critical Review Series, TID-25075.
Fuel Models & Databases
Anderson, H.E. (1982). Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-122.
Scott, J.H., & Burgan, R.E. (2005). Standard fire behavior fuel models: A comprehensive set for use with Rothermel’s surface fire spread model. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-153.
Canadian FBP System
Forestry Canada Fire Danger Group (1992). Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. Forestry Canada, Science and Sustainable Development Directorate, Information Report ST-X-3.
Tymstra, C., et al. (2010). Development and structure of Prometheus: the Canadian wildland fire growth simulation model. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Information Report NOR-X-417.
Grass Curing & Phenology
Luke, R.H. & McArthur, A.G. (1978). “Bushfires in Australia.” Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Cheney, N.P. & Sullivan, A.L. (2008). “Grassfires: Fuel, Weather and Fire Behaviour.” CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Diurnal Weather & Meteorology
Lawson, B.D., Frandsen, W.H., Hawkes, B.C., & Dalrymple, G.N. (1996). “Probability of sustained ignition as a function of nature of the ignition source.” International Journal of Wildland Fire, 6(1):29-36.
Simard, A.J. (1968). “The moisture content of forest fuels: A review of the basic concepts.” Forestry Branch, Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Publication 1288.
Atmospheric Lapse Rates
Wallace, J.M. & Hobbs, P.V. (2006). “Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey.” 2nd edition, Academic Press.
NFDRS Fire Danger Indices
Deeming, J.E., Burgan, R.E., & Cohen, J.D. (1977). “The National Fire-Danger Rating System—1978.” USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-39.
Bradshaw, L.S., Deeming, J.E., Burgan, R.E., & Cohen, J.D. (1984). “The 1978 National Fire-Danger Rating System: Technical documentation.” USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-169.
Chandler Burning Index
Chandler, C., Cheney, P., Thomas, P., Trabaud, L., & Williams, D. (1983). “Fire in Forestry, Volume I: Forest Fire Behavior and Effects.” John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Schroeder, M.J. & Buck, C.C. (1970). “Fire Weather: A Guide for Application of Meteorological Information to Forest Fire Control Operations.” USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 360.
Fosberg, M.A. (1978). “Weather in wildland fire management: the fire weather index.” Proceedings Conference Sierra Nevada Meteorology, pp. 1-4.
Solar Radiation & Shading
Spencer, J.W. (1971). Fourier series representation of the position of the sun. Search, 2(5):172.
Numerical Methods
Osher, S., & Sethian, J.A. (1988). Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations. Journal of Computational Physics, 79(1):12-49.
Sethian, J.A. (1999). Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Computational Geometry, Fluid Mechanics, Computer Vision, and Materials Science. Cambridge University Press.
Software & Tools
Zhang, W., et al. (2019). AMReX: A framework for block-structured adaptive mesh refinement. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(37):1370.
Online Resources
- FARSITE Documentation
- BehavePlus Fire Modeling System
- WindNinja
- AMReX Framework
- LANDFIRE Fuel Data
- FIRMS Fire Information
- GOES-R Series Satellites
- VIIRS Active Fire Data
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/earth-observation-data/near-real-time/firms
Citation Format
When citing this software in publications, please use:
Gopalan, H., et al. (2024). Wildfire-AMR: An AMReX-based wildfire front
propagation framework. https://github.com/hgopalan/wildfire_levelset
BibTeX:
@software{wildfire_amr,
author = {Gopalan, Hariswaran and contributors},
title = {Wildfire-AMR: An AMReX-based wildfire front propagation framework},
year = {2024},
url = {https://github.com/hgopalan/wildfire_levelset}
}